The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics
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ISSUE 1512
ISSUE 1512
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Drugs for Type 2 Diabetes
January 16, 2017 (Issue: 1512)
The goal of drug therapy for type 2 diabetes is
to achieve and maintain a near-normal glycated
hemoglobin (A1C) concentration without inducing
hypoglycemia; the target is generally an A1C of
≤7%. Treating to this target has been shown...more
- American Diabetes Association. Professional practice committee for the standards of medical care in diabetes – 2016. Diabetes Care 2016; 39(Suppl 1).
- SE Inzucchi et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centered approach: update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2015; 38:140.
- AJ Garber et al. Consensus statement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology on the comprehensive type 2 diabetes management algorithm–2016 executive summary. Endocr Pract 2016; 22:84.
- Look AHEAD Research Group et al. Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2013; 369:145.
- A Qaseem et al. Oral pharmacologic treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 2017 January 3 (epub).
- E Ferrannini. The target of metformin in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:1547.
- JB Buse et al. The primary glucose-lowering effect of metformin resides in the gut, not the circulation: results from short-term pharmacokinetic and 12-week dose-ranging studies. Diabetes Care 2016; 39:198.
- SC Palmer et al. Comparison of clinical outcomes and adverse events associated with glucose-lowering drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes. a meta-analysis. JAMA 2016; 316:313.
- RR Holman et al. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008; 359:1577.
- SE Inzucchi et al. Metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease: a systematic review. JAMA 2014; 312:2668.
- FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA revises warnings regarding use of the diabetes medicine metformin in certain patients with reduced kidney function. Available at: www.fda.gov. Accessed January 5, 2017.
- Y Li et al. Sulfonylurea use and incident cardiovascular disease among patients with type 2 diabetes: prospective cohort study among women. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:3106.
- D Varvaki Rados et al. The association between sulfonylurea use and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of randomized clinical trials. PLoS Med 2016; 13:e1001992.
- Exenatide (Byetta) for type 2 diabetes. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2005; 47:45.
- Extended-release exenatide (Bydureon) for type 2 diabetes. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2012; 54:21.
- SP Marso et al. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2016; 375:311.
- Two new GLP-1 receptor agonists for diabetes. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2014; 56:109.
- F Zaccardi et al. Benefits and harms of once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist treatments: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2016; 164:102.
- Lixisenatide for type 2 diabetes. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2017; 59:19.
- MA Pfeffer et al. Lixisenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes and acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med 2015; 373:2247.
- PC Butler et al. A critical analysis of the clinical use of incretin-based therapies: are the GLP-1 therapies safe? Diabetes Care 2013; 36:2118.
- Alogliptin (Nesina) for type 2 diabetes. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2013; 55:41.
- Linagliptin (Tradjenta) – a new DPP-4 inhibitor for type 2 diabetes. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2011; 53:49.
- Saxagliptin (Onglyza) for type 2 diabetes. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2009; 51:85.
- Sitagliptin (Januvia) for type 2 diabetes. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2007; 49:1.
- BM Scirica et al. Saxagliptin and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2013; 369:1317.
- WB White et al. Alogliptin after acute coronary syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2013; 369:1327.
- VP Sanon et al. Play of chance versus concerns regarding dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors: heart failure and diabetes. Clin Diabetes 2014; 32:121.
- JB Green et al. Effect of sitagliptin on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2015; 373:232.
- KB Filion and S Suissa. DPP-4 inhibitors and heart failure: some reassurance, some uncertainty. Diabetes Care 2016; 39:735.
- J Rosenstock et al. Cardiovascular safety of linagliptin in type 2 diabetes: a comprehensive patient-level pooled analysis of prospectively adjudicated cardiovascular events. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2015; 14:57.
- KB Filion et al. A multicenter observational study of incretin-based drugs and heart failure. N Engl J Med 2016: 374:1145.
- RW Thomsen et al. Incretin-based therapy and risk of acute pancreatitis: a nationwide population-based case-control study. Diabetes Care 2015; 38:1089.
- AG Egan et al. Pancreatic safety of incretin-based drugs–FDA and EMA assessment. N Engl J Med 2014; 370:794.
- Canagliflozin (Invokana) for type 2 diabetes. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2013; 55:37.
- Dapagliflozin (Farxiga) for type 2 diabetes. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2014; 56:13.
- Empagliflozin (Jardiance) for diabetes. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2014; 56:99.
- B Zinman et al. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2015; 373:2117.
- C Wanner et al. Empagliflozin and progression of kidney disease in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2016; 375:323.
- SGLT2 inhibitors and renal function. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2016; 58:91.
- DM Nathan. Diabetes: advances in diagnosis and treatment. JAMA 2015; 314:1052.
- AV Hernandez et al. Thiazolidinediones and risk of heart failure in patients with or at high risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis of placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2011; 11:115.
- SE Nissen and K Wolski. Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med 2007; 356:2457.
- KW Mahaffey et al. Results of a reevaluation of cardiovascular outcomes in the RECORD trial. Am Heart J 2013; 166:240.
- In brief: Rosiglitazone (Avandia) unbound. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2014; 56:12.
- Pramlintide (Symlin) for diabetes. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2005; 47:43.
- In brief: a new indication for colesevelam (Welchol). Med Lett Drugs Ther 2008; 50:33.
- Bromocriptine (Cycloset) for type 2 diabetes. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2010; 52:97.
- JM Gaziano et al. Effect of bromocriptine-QR (a quick-release formulation of bromocriptine mesylate) on major adverse cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes subjects. J Am Heart Assoc 2012; 1:e002279.
- Rapid-acting insulin analogues. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2009; 51:98.
- An inhaled insulin (Afrezza). Med Lett Drugs Ther 2015; 57:34.
- Another insulin glargine (Basaglar) for diabetes. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2017; 59:3.
- MC Riddle et al. One-year sustained glycaemic control and less hypoglycaemia with new insulin glargine 300 U/ml compared with 100 U/ml in people with type 2 diabetes using basal plus meal-time insulin: the EDITION 1 12-month randomized trial, including 6-month extension. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015; 17:835.
- Concentrate insulin glargine (Toujeo) for diabetes. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2015; 57:69.
- Insulin detemir (Levemir), a new long-acting insulin. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2006; 48:54.
- P Hollander et al. Insulin degludec improves long-term glycaemic control similarly to insulin glargine but with fewer hypoglycaemic episodes in patients with advanced type 2 diabetes on basal-bolus insulin therapy. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015; 17:202.
- B Zinman et al. Insulin degludec versus insulin glargine in insulin-naive patients with type 2 diabetes: a 1-year, randomized, treat-to-target trial (BEGIN Once Long). Diabetes Care 2012; 35:2464.
- Insulin degludec (Tresiba) – a new long-acting insulin for diabetes. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2015; 57:163.
- SP Marso et al. Design of DEVOTE (trial comparing cardiovascular safety of insulin degludec vs insulin glargine in patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk of cardiovascular events) - DEVOTE 1. Am Heart J 2016; 179:175.
- ORIGIN Trial Investigators et al. Basal insulin and cardiovascular and other outcomes in dysglycemia. N Engl J Med 2012; 367:319.
- HW Rodbard et al. Safety and efficacy of insulin degludec/liraglutide (IDegLira) added to sulphonylurea alone or to sulphonylurea and metformin in insulin-naive people with type 2 diabetes: the DUAL IV trial. Diabet Med 2016 Sep 2 (epub).
- VR Aroda et al. Effect of adding insulin degludec to treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin and liraglutide: a double-blind randomized controlled trial (BEGIN: ADD TO GLP-1 Study). Diabetes Obes Metab 2016; 18:663.
- VR Aroda et al. Efficacy and safety of LixiLan, a titratable fixed-ratio combination of insulin glargine plus lixisenatide in type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on basal insulin and metformin: the LixiLan-L randomized trial. Diabetes Care 2016; 39:1972.
- RR Holman et al. Three-year efficacy of complex insulin regimens in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2009; 361:1736.
- American Diabetes Association. Professional practice committee for the standards of medical care in diabetes - 2016. Management of diabetes in pregnancy. Diabetes Care 2016; 39(Suppl 1): S94.
- RR Holman et al. Effects of once-weekly exenatide on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2017; 377:1228.
- M Fisher et al. Cardiovascular safety of albiglutide in the Harmony programme: a meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015; 3:697.
- KC Ferdinand et al. Cardiovascular safety for once-weekly dulaglutide in type 2 diabetes: a pre-specified meta-analysis of prospectively adjudicated cardiovascular events. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2016; 15:38.
- C Sorli et al. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide monotherapy versus placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 1): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multinational multicentre phase 3a trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017; 5:251.
- B Ahrén et al. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide versus once-daily sitagliptin as an add-on to metformin, thiazolidinediones, or both, in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 2): a 56-week, double-blind, phase 3a, randomised trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017; 5:341.
- AJ Ahmann et al. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide versus exenatide ER in subjects with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 3): a 56-week, open-label, randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Care 2018; 41:258.
- VR Aroda et al. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide versus once-daily insulin glargine as add-on to metformin (with or without sulfonylureas) in insulin-naive patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 4): a randomised, open-label, parallel-group, multicentre, multinational, phase 3a trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017; 5:355.
- H Rodbard et al. Efficacy and safety of semaglutide once-weekly vs placebo as add-on to basal insulin alone or in combination with metformin in subjects with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 5). Diabetologia 2016; 59:S364 suppl. Abstract 766.
- RE Pratley et al. Semaglutide versus dulaglutide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 7): a randomized, open-label, phase 3b trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2018 Jan 31 (epub).
- SP Marso et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2016; 375:1834.
- MA Bethel et al. Cardiovascular outcomes with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017; 6:105.
- B Neal et al. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2017; 377:644.
- Ertugliflozin for type 2 diabetes. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2018; 60:70.
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