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Drugs for Chronic Heart Failure

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • June 14, 2021; (Issue 1626)

Among patients with chronic heart failure, those with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤40% are considered to have heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Patients with a LVEF ≥50% are considered to have heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Those with a LVEF of 41-49% are an intermediate group more similar to patients with HFpEF.

Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2021 Jun 14;63(1626):89-96 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Comparison Table: Some Drugs for HFrEF (online only)

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • March 8, 2021; (Issue 1619)

...

View the Comparison Table: Some Drugs for HFrEF

Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2021 Mar 8;63(1619):e1-14 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Drugs for Hypertension

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • May 18, 2020; (Issue 1598)

Drugs available for treatment of chronic hypertension and their dosages, adverse effects, and costs are listed in the tables. Treatment of hypertensive urgencies and emergencies is not discussed...

Drugs available for treatment of chronic hypertension and their dosages, adverse effects, and costs are listed in the tables. Treatment of hypertensive urgencies and emergencies is not discussed here.

Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2020 May 18;62(1598):73-80 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Drugs for Chronic Heart Failure

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • April 8, 2019; (Issue 1569)

Patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤40% are considered to have heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Patients with a LVEF ≤50% and symptoms of heart failure are considered to have heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). There is little evidence that drug treatment improves clinical outcomes in patients with HFpEF.

Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2019 Apr 8;61(1569):49-54 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Expanded Table: Some Drugs for HFrEF (online only)

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • April 8, 2019; (Issue 1569)

...

View the Expanded Table: Some Drugs for HFrEF

Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2019 Apr 8;61(1569):e57-62 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Drugs for Hypertension

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • March 13, 2017; (Issue 1516)

in the US and their dosages, adverse effects, and costs are listed in the tables. Treatment of hypertensive urgencies and emergencies is not discussed...

in the US and their dosages, adverse effects, and costs are listed in the tables. Treatment of hypertensive urgencies and emergencies is not discussed here.

Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2017 Mar 13;59(1516):41-8 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Sacubitril/Valsartan (Entresto) for Heart Failure

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • August 3, 2015; (Issue 1474)

The FDA has approved Entresto (Novartis), an oral fixed-dose combination of the neprilysin inhibitor sacubitril and the angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) valsartan, to reduce the risk of cardiovascular...

The FDA has approved Entresto (Novartis), an oral fixed-dose combination of the neprilysin inhibitor sacubitril and the angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) valsartan, to reduce the risk of cardiovascular death and heart failure hospitalization in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Sacubitril is the first neprilysin inhibitor to become available in the US.

Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2015 Aug 3;57(1474):107-9 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Drugs for Chronic Heart Failure

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • January 19, 2015; (Issue 1460)

Heart failure is usually associated with left ventricular dysfunction. According to recent guidelines, patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤40% are considered to have heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) or systolic heart failure. Patients with a LVEF ≥50% and symptoms of heart failure are considered to have heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) or diastolic heart failure; there is little evidence that drug treatment improves clinical outcomes in these patients. The treatment of acute heart failure is not included here.

Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2015 Jan 19;57(1460):9-13 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Drugs for Chronic Heart Failure

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • September 1, 2012; (Issue 121)

Chronic systolic heart failure is usually associated with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of ≤40%. Many patients with symptoms of heart failure have higher ejection fractions, but there is no evidence that drug treatment of heart failure with preserved systolic function (LVEF >40%) improves clinical outcomes. Some of the drugs commonly used now for treatment of chronic heart failure are listed in the table on page 71.

Treat Guidel Med Lett. 2012 Sep;10(121):69-72 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Drugs for Hypertension

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • January 1, 2012; (Issue 113)

Drugs available in the US for treatment of chronic hypertension, with their dosages and adverse effects, are listed in the tables that begin on page 2. Combination products are listed on page 8. Drugs for treatment of hypertensive emergencies are not discussed here. They were reviewed previously.

Treat Guidel Med Lett. 2012 Jan;10(113):1-10 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Drugs for Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • July 1, 2009; (Issue 83)

The range of drugs for treatment of chronic heart failure continues to expand. Some of those commonly used now are listed in the table on page 55. Mechanical therapies for the treatment of heart failure such as cardiac resynchronization, implanted cardiac defibrillators (ICDs), ventricular assist devices and ultrafiltration for the relief of congestion will not be reviewed here.

Treat Guidel Med Lett. 2009 Jul;7(83):53-6 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Drugs for Hypertension

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • January 1, 2009; (Issue 77)

Drugs available in the US for treatment of chronic hypertension, with their dosages, adverse effects and costs, are listed in the tables that begin on page 2. Combination products are listed on page 9. Drugs for treatment of hypertensive emergencies are not discussed here. They were reviewed in Treatment Guidelines (volume 1, page 19, December 2002) and in The Medical Letter (volume 50, page 73, September 22, 2008).

Treat Guidel Med Lett. 2009 Jan;7(77):1-10 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Nebivolol (Bystolic) for Hypertension

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • March 10, 2008; (Issue 1281)

Nebivolol (Bystolic - Forest) is a new beta-blocker that has been approved by the FDA for treatment of hypertension. It has been marketed in Europe since 1999 for treatment of hypertension and heart...

Nebivolol (Bystolic - Forest) is a new beta-blocker that has been approved by the FDA for treatment of hypertension. It has been marketed in Europe since 1999 for treatment of hypertension and heart failure.

Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2008 Mar 10;50(1281):17-9 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Drugs for Treatment of Heart Failure

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • January 1, 2006; (Issue 41)

The choice of drugs for treatment of chronic heart failure continues to evolve. Those most commonly used now are listed in the table on page 3. The use of implanted cardiac defibrillators (ICDs) to reduce the incidence of sudden death in patients with heart failure and the treatment of decompensated heart failure were discussed in previous issues.

Treat Guidel Med Lett. 2006 Jan;4(41):1-4 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Drugs for Hypertension

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • June 1, 2005; (Issue 34)

Drugs available in the US for treatment of chronic hypertension, with their dosages, adverse effects and costs, are listed in the tables that begin on page 40. Combination products are listed on page 47. Drugs...

Treat Guidel Med Lett. 2005 Jun;3(34):39-48 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Initial Therapy of Hypertension

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • July 5, 2004; (Issue 1186)

The importance of adequate control of hypertension in preventing organ damage and death is well established, but the choice of drugs is still controversial. Three recent drug trials, one supporting initial therapy with a diuretic, the second favoring an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, and the third showing equivalence between a calcium-channel blocker and an angiotensin-receptor blocker (ARB) have intensified the debate.

Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2004 Jul 5;46(1186):53-5 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Drugs for Treatment of Heart Failure

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • April 1, 2003; (Issue 8)

The choice of drugs for treatment of chronic heart failure continues to evolve. It has become increasingly recognized that drugs used in heart failure produce beneficial effects through neurohormonal as well as hemodynamic mechanisms. The treatment of decompensated heart failure is not discussed here; drugs used for this indication were reviewed in Cardiovascular Drugs in the ICU, Treatment Guidelines from The Medical Letter 2002; 1:19.

Treat Guidel Med Lett. 2003 Apr;1(8):53-6 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Drugs for Hypertension

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • February 1, 2003; (Issue 6)

Drugs available in the US for treatment of chronic hypertension, with their dosages, adverse effects and costs, are listed in the table that begins on page 35. Combination products are listed on page 39. Drugs for treatment of hypertensive emergencies were discussed in Treatment Guidelines volume 1, issue 4, page 19, December 2002.

Treat Guidel Med Lett. 2003 Feb;1(6):33-40 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Cardiovascular Drugs in the ICU

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • December 1, 2002; (Issue 4)

Ever-increasing specialization has made it difficult for many physicians to keep up with therapeutic standards in intensive-care units (ICUs). This issue of Treatment Guidelines offers current recommendations for use of cardiovascular drugs in the ICU for treatment of hypertensive emergencies; shock, cardiac arrest or decompensated heart failure; and ventricular arrhythmias.

Treat Guidel Med Lett. 2002 Dec;0(4):19-24 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Drugs for Hypertension

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • March 5, 2001; (Issue 1099)

Drugs available in the USA for treatment of chronic hypertension, their dosages and adverse affects are listed in the table and discussed in the...

Drugs available in the USA for treatment of chronic hypertension, their dosages and adverse affects are listed in the table and discussed in the text.

Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2001 Mar 5;43(1099):17-22 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

A New Ace Inhibitor and Two New Angiotensin Receptor Blockers For Hypertension

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • November 5, 1999; (Issue 1065)

Perindopril, the tenth angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor to be marketed in the USA, and telmisartan and eprosartan, the fifth and sixth angiotensin receptor blockers, have recently become available...

Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1999 Nov 5;41(1065):105-6 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Drugs for Hypertension

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • March 12, 1999; (Issue 1048)

Drugs available in the USA for treatment of chronic hypertension, their dosages and adverse affects are listed in the table and discussed in the...

Drugs available in the USA for treatment of chronic hypertension, their dosages and adverse affects are listed in the table and discussed in the text.

Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1999 Mar 12;41(1048):23-8 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Candesartan for Hypertension

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • November 20, 1998; (Issue 1040)

Candesartan cilexetil (Atacand - Astra) is the fourth angiotensin II receptor antagonist to become available in the USA for oral treatment of...

Candesartan cilexetil (Atacand - Astra) is the fourth angiotensin II receptor antagonist to become available in the USA for oral treatment of hypertension.

Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1998 Nov 20;40(1040):109-10 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Irbesartan for Hypertension

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • January 30, 1998; (Issue 1019)

Irbesartan (Avapro - Sanofi/Bristol-Myers Squibb) is the third angiotensin II receptor antagonist to become available in the USA for oral treatment of hypertension. Losartan (Cozaar) and valsartan (Diovan) were...

Irbesartan (Avapro - Sanofi/Bristol-Myers Squibb) is the third angiotensin II receptor antagonist to become available in the USA for oral treatment of hypertension. Losartan (Cozaar) and valsartan (Diovan) were marketed earlier. Eprosartan (Teveten - SmithKline Beecham) has been approved by the FDA but not marketed.

Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1998 Jan 30;40(1019):18-9 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Carvedilol for Heart Failure

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • September 26, 1997; (Issue 1010)

Carvedilol (Coreg - SmithKline Beecham and Boehringer-Mannheim), a betaadrenergic and alpha-adrenergic blocker approved by the FDA for treatment of hypertension in 1995, but not marketed at that time, has now...

Carvedilol (Coreg - SmithKline Beecham and Boehringer-Mannheim), a betaadrenergic and alpha-adrenergic blocker approved by the FDA for treatment of hypertension in 1995, but not marketed at that time, has now been approved and marketed for treatment of mild or moderate (NYHA class II or III) heart failure stabilized on other drugs. It is being promoted as an add-on drug that reduces the morbidity and mortality of the disease.

Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1997 Sep 26;39(1010):89-91 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Valsartan for Hypertension

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • April 25, 1997; (Issue 999)

Valsartan (Diovan - Novartis), a non-peptide tetrazole, is the second angiotensin II receptor antagonist approved for oral treatment of hypertension by the US Food and Drug Administration. The first was...

Valsartan (Diovan - Novartis), a non-peptide tetrazole, is the second angiotensin II receptor antagonist approved for oral treatment of hypertension by the US Food and Drug Administration. The first was losartan (Cozaar - Medical Letter, 37:57, 1995).

Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1997 Apr 25;39(999):43-4 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Trandolapril: An ACE Inhibitor for Treatment of Hypertension

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • November 22, 1996; (Issue 988)

Trandolapril (tran doe la pril; Mavik - Knoll) has become the ninth angiotensin-converting- enzyme (ACE) inhibitor to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of...

Trandolapril (tran doe la pril; Mavik - Knoll) has become the ninth angiotensin-converting- enzyme (ACE) inhibitor to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of hypertension.

Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1996 Nov 22;38(988):104-5 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Drugs for Chronic Heart Failure

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • October 11, 1996; (Issue 985)

Cardiologist now emphasize the importance of neurohormonal as well as hemodynamic factors in the pathophysiology of chronic heart failure (JN Cohn, N Engl J Med, 335:490, August 15, 1996). Drugs that act on...

Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1996 Oct 11;38(985):92-4 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Moexipril: Another ACE Inhibitor For Hypertension

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • September 1, 1995; (Issue 956)

Moexipril hydrochloride (Univasc - Schwarz Pharma), an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of. It is the eighth ACE...

Moexipril hydrochloride (Univasc - Schwarz Pharma), an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of. It is the eighth ACE inhibitor to be marketed in the USA.

Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1995 Sep 1;37(956):75-6 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Losartan for Hypertension

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • June 23, 1995; (Issue 951)

Losartan potassium (Cozaar - Merck), the first angiotensin II receptor antagonist, has been approved for oral treatment of hypertension by the US Food and Drug Administration. It will be marketed both alone...

Losartan potassium (Cozaar - Merck), the first angiotensin II receptor antagonist, has been approved for oral treatment of hypertension by the US Food and Drug Administration. It will be marketed both alone and in a fixed-dose combination with the diuretic hydrochlorothiazide (Hyzaar).

Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1995 Jun 23;37(951):57-8 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

An ACE inhibitor after a Myocardial Infarction

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • August 5, 1994; (Issue 928)

The US Food and Drug Administration has approved use of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor captopril (Capoten) for patients with left ventricular dysfunction after a myocardial infarction. ACE...

The US Food and Drug Administration has approved use of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor captopril (Capoten) for patients with left ventricular dysfunction after a myocardial infarction. ACE inhibitors, widely used for treatment of hypertension, in recent years have also been used for treatment of heart failure (Medical Letter, 35:40, 1993).

Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1994 Aug 5;36(928):69-70 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Captopril for Diabetic Nephropathy

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • May 27, 1994; (Issue 923)

Captopril (Capoten - Bristol-Myers Squibb), an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor previously available for treatment of hypertension, has now been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration...

Captopril (Capoten - Bristol-Myers Squibb), an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor previously available for treatment of hypertension, has now been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of diabetic nephropathy in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Diabetic nephropathy is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease in the United States.

Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1994 May 27;36(923):46-7 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Drugs for Chronic Heart Failure

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • May 14, 1993; (Issue 896)

Chronic heart failure results from an iterplay between hemodynamic and neurohormonal factors (M Packer, Lancet, 340:88, 92, 1992). For patients with heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction, drugs that decrease cardicac preload and afterload and those that increase contractility are commonly used together.

Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1993 May 14;35(896):40-2 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Flosequinan for Heart Failure

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • March 19, 1993; (Issue 892)

Flosequinan (Manoplax - Boots), a fluoroquinolone derivative, is now available in the USA for treatment of congestive heart failure. Labeling approved by the US Food and Drug Administration recommends the...

Flosequinan (Manoplax - Boots), a fluoroquinolone derivative, is now available in the USA for treatment of congestive heart failure. Labeling approved by the US Food and Drug Administration recommends the drug only for patients who cannot tolerate or have not responded adequately to an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor.

Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1993 Mar 19;35(892):23-4 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Quinapril for Hypertension

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • March 20, 1992; (Issue 866)

Quinapril (Accupril - Parke-Davis), an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of hypertension. ACE inhibitors are now...

Quinapril (Accupril - Parke-Davis), an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of hypertension. ACE inhibitors are now widely used for this indication (Medical Letter, 33:33, 1991).

Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1992 Mar 20;34(866):27-8 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Three New ACE Inhibitors For Hypertension

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • September 6, 1991; (Issue 852)

Benazepril (Lotensin - Ciba-Geigy), fosinopril (Monopril - Mead Johnson), and - Hoechst, Upjohn) are new angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration...

Benazepril (Lotensin - Ciba-Geigy), fosinopril (Monopril - Mead Johnson), and - Hoechst, Upjohn) are new angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for once-a-day treatment of hypertension. Three other ACE inhibitors, captopril (Capoten), enalapril (Vasotec), and lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril) were previously available in the USA for this indication. Captopril and enalapril have also been approved by the FDA for treatment of congestive heart failure.

Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1991 Sep 6;33(852):83-4 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Doxazosin For Treatment of Hypertension

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • February 22, 1991; (Issue 838)

Doxazosin (mesylate - Roerig), an alpha1-adrenergic receptor blocker similar to prazosin (Minipress, and others) and terazosin (Hytrin), was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for...

Doxazosin (mesylate - Roerig), an alpha1-adrenergic receptor blocker similar to prazosin (Minipress, and others) and terazosin (Hytrin), was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment of hypertension.

Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1991 Feb 22;33(838):15-6 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Drugs That Cause Pulmonary Toxicity

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • September 21, 1990; (Issue 827)

Some commonly used systemic drugs that may cause pulmonary toxicity are listed in the table below. These adverse effects may sometimes be difficult to distinguish from the underlying disease (JAD Cooper, Jr et al, Am Rev Respir Dis, 133:321, 488, 1986). Pulmonary effects that are part of a generalized reaction or are indirect effects of drugs - on respiratory muscles, for example, or on the immune system - are not included here.

Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1990 Sep 21;32(827):88-90 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

ACE Inhibitors for Congestive Heart Failure

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • October 21, 1988; (Issue 777)

The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors captopril (Capoten - Squibb) and enalapril (Vasotec - Merck) are now widely used to treat chronic congestive heart failure that has not responded adequately...

The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors captopril (Capoten - Squibb) and enalapril (Vasotec - Merck) are now widely used to treat chronic congestive heart failure that has not responded adequately to digitalis and diuretics (Medical Letter, 30:13, Jan 29, 1988). Recently, some cardiologists have debated whether ACE inhibitors should also be used as first-line agents for treatment of this condition (WW Parmley et al, J Am Coll Cardiol, 12:265, July 1988).

Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1988 Oct 21;30(777):97-8 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Lisinopril For Hypertension

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • April 8, 1988; (Issue 763)

- Merck; Zestril - Stuart), a new angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for once-daily treatment of . Two other ACE inhibitors,...

- Merck; Zestril - Stuart), a new angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for once-daily treatment of . Two other ACE inhibitors, captopril (Capoten - Squibb) and e

Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1988 Apr 8;30(763):41-2 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction

Vasodilators For Congestive Heart Failure

The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics • January 29, 1988; (Issue 758)

Vasodilators are widely used for treatment of congestive heart failure (CHF) that has not responded adequately to diuretics and digitalis. Vasodilator drugs redistribute blood volume in patients with heart failure, lowering pressure and reducing volume in the failing left ventricle, which leads to increased cardiac output, decreased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and improved exercise tolerance. Since the last Medical Letter review of this subject (Volume 26, page 115, 1984), some additional data have become available.

Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1988 Jan 29;30(758):13-4 | Show Full Introduction Hide Full Introduction