Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in the world. Risk factor modification, anticoagulation, rhythm control, and rate control are the four pillars of its management. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines on management of AF were updated recently.

Drugs available for treatment of chronic hypertension and their dosages, adverse effects, and costs are listed in the tables. Treatment of hypertensive urgencies and emergencies is not discussed here.

Treatment of atrial fibrillation includes anticoagulation, rate control, and rhythm control. US guidelines were recently updated.

in the US and their dosages, adverse effects, and costs are listed in the tables. Treatment of hypertensive urgencies and emergencies is not discussed here.

Most recent guidelines recommend a BP goal of 140/90 mm Hg. For patients ≥60 years old without diabetes or chronic kidney disease, one guideline recommends 150/90 mm Hg both as the drug treatment initiation threshold and treatment target; this higher target is controversial, except in patients ≥80 years old.

Drugs available in the US for treatment of chronic hypertension, with their dosages and adverse effects, are listed in the tables that begin on page 2. Combination products are listed on page 8. Drugs for treatment of hypertensive emergencies are not discussed here. They were reviewed previously.