Insulin detemir (Levemir - Novo Nordisk) is the second long-acting basal insulin analog to be marketed in the US for treatment of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Detemir differs from human insulin by the elimination of the amino acid threonine in position B30 and the addition of a 14-carbon fatty acid chain at position B29. Insulin glargine (Lantus), the first long-acting insulin analog, has been available since 2001 and is usually given once daily.1 NPH insulin is an intermediate-acting basal insulin given twice daily. Basal insulins are usually combined with prandial doses of a rapid-acting...

Insulin Glargine (Lantus) is a new long-acting human insulin analog approved by the FDA for treatment of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Synthesized by recombinant DNA technology, it differs from human insulin at position 21 in the A-chain where asparagine is replaced by glycine and at the C-terminus of the B-chain where two arginines are added.

View the Comparison Chart: Some Available Insulins for Type 2 Diabetes

The goal of pharmacologic treatment for type 2 diabetes is to achieve and maintain a near-normal glycated hemoglobin (A1C) concentration while minimizing hypoglycemia; an A1C goal of <7% is recommended for most patients to prevent or reduce the microvascular complications of diabetes (retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy). An A1C target of <8% may be appropriate for patients who are older, have comorbid conditions, or are at risk for serious hypoglycemia-associated adverse events.

The NovolinPen (Squibb - Novo) is a device that uses prefilled cartridges to inject semisynthetic human insulin (Medical Letter, 25:63, 1983). Three formulations are available: regular insulin (Novolin R PenFill), NPH insulin isophane (Novolin N PenFill) and a mixture of 70% NPH and 30% regular (Novolin 70/30 PenFill). The NovolinPen is advertised as more accurate, more convenient and less expensive than conventional syringes and needles. The same device is marketed in Canada as the Novolin-Pen II (Connaught Novo). (An earlier device is also available as the Novolin-Pen in Canada and the...

Several large European observational studies published on-line this summer have raised questions about whether use of insulin glargine increases the risk of cancer.

An inhaled, dry-powder formulation of rapid-acting human insulin (Exubera - Pfizer) has been approved by the FDA for treatment of adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.

The FDA has approved Toujeo (Sanofi), a more concentrated form of insulin glargine containing 300 IU/mL compared to the 100 IU/mL in Lantus (Sanofi). Lantus is nearing the end of its patent protection in the US, and biosimilars are expected to become available.

The FDA has approved Basaglar (Lilly/Boehringer Ingelheim), a "follow-on" 100 units/mL insulin glargine product similar to Lantus (Sanofi), which recently went off patent. A 300 units/mL formulation of insulin glargine (Toujeo) was approved in 2015.

A new fixed-dose tablet (PrandiMet - Novo Nordisk) combining metformin (Glucophage, and others) and repaglinide (Prandin) has been approved by the FDA for treatment of type 2 diabetes in patients already taking both metformin and repaglinide, or for patients not adequately controlled on either drug alone.