The FDA has approved Onyda XR (Tris), an extended-release (ER) oral suspension formulation of the alpha_2-adrenergic agonist clonidine, for use as monotherapy or as an adjunct to stimulant therapy for treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children ≥6 years old. Clonidine ER tablets have been available for years for treatment of ADHD in children 6-17 years old.

American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines for treatment of hypertension were last published in 2018. Treatment of hypertensive urgencies and emergencies is not discussed here.

The FDA has approved viloxazine extended-release capsules (Qelbree – Supernus) for treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children 6-17 years old. Viloxazine is the second selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor to be approved in the US for treatment of ADHD; atomoxetine (Strattera, and generics) was approved in 2002.

Nonopioid drugs can be used in the treatment of many nociceptive and neuropathic pain conditions. For severe pain, especially severe chronic cancer pain, use of opioids may be necessary. Noninvasive nonpharmacologic treatments, including physical and psychological therapies, have been shown to improve pain and function in patients with some common chronic pain conditions and are unlikely to cause serious harms. A multimodal approach to analgesic therapy can increase pain control while reducing opioid use and adverse effects.