Infertility occurs in about 15% of couples. About one third of infertility is due to problems with ovulation or an anatomic abnormality of the fallopian tube or peritoneum, such as scarring, adhesions or endometriosis. Another third is due to a male infertility factor, most commonly insufficient sperm production or abnormal motility or morphology. The remaining third is unexplained. In older women unexplained infertility is probably caused by diminished quality and quantity of oocytes, decreased implantation and spontaneous pregnancy wastage.

Many drugs can cause psychiatric symptoms, but a causal connection is often difficult to establish. Psychiatric symptoms that emerge during drug treatment could also be due to the underlying illness, previously unrecognized psychopathology, or psychosocial factors. The withdrawal of some drugs can cause symptoms such as anxiety, psychosis, delirium, agitation or depression.

Click here to view the free full article.

Antiretroviral therapy is recommended for all HIV-infected patients, both to reduce the risk of disease progression and to prevent transmission of the virus to others. Various guidelines for treatment of HIV infection are available.

Consumption of alcohol has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) defines alcohol use disorder (AUD; previously called alcohol dependence) as meeting ≥2 of the 11 criteria listed in Table 1 in the past year. The lifetime prevalence of AUD in the US population has been estimated to be about 30%. Despite this high prevalence and the associated morbidity, mortality, and costs, only 3 drugs are FDA-approved for treatment of the disorder.

Pharmacologic management of chronic heart failure (HF) is primarily determined by the patient's left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and severity of symptoms. Patients with chronic HF who have an LVEF ≤40% are considered to have heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and those with an LVEF ≥50% are considered to have heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Patients with an LVEF of 41-49% have heart failure with mildly reduced or mid-range ejection fraction.

View the Comparison Chart: Some Drugs for HFrEF

Primary hypothyroidism is usually the result of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, thyroidectomy for hyperthyroidism, goiter or cancer, or radioactive iodine therapy for hyperthyroidism.