Recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2; Proleukin - Cetus), a lymphokine that stimulates growth of T lymphocytes, is available from the National Cancer Institute on an investigational basis for treatment of renal cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma. Although recently released in many European countries, the drug has not been approved for marketing by the US Food and Drug Administration.

The well-publicized recovery from paralysis of a professional football player has recently focused attention on the growing use of drugs to minimize the effects of spinal cord injury. Methylprednisolone sodium succinate (Solu-Medrol - Upjohn), commercially available in the USA for intravenous treatment of transplant rejection and various inflammatory and auto-immune disorders, and GM-1 ganglioside, commercially available in Italy (Sygen - Fidia) but not in the USA, are now widely used in patients with spinal cord injury.

Extracts made from leaves of the ginkgo tree (Ginkgo biloba) are available in the uSA as deitary supplements, in France and Germany as licensed drugs and worldwide as herbal remedies for treatment of dementia and many other indications.

Tolterodine tartrate (Detrol - Pharmacia & Upjohn) is a new muscarinic receptor antagonist now being widely promoted for treatment of urinary frequency, urgency and urge incontinence caused by bladder (detrusor) overactivity.

The FDA has approved tesamorelin (Egrifta – EMD Serono), an injectable synthetic analog of growth-hormone- releasing factor (GRF), for reduction of excess abdominal fat in patients with lipodystrophy associated with HIV infection. Growth hormone (somatropin – Serostim; EMD Serono) has been available for years for treatment of HIV wasting.

Renal sympathetic denervation is under investigation as a therapeutic option for hypertension that has not responded to ≥3 antihypertensive drugs (resistant hypertension).

Linaclotide (lin´´ a kloe´ tide; Linzess – Ironwood/Forest), a guanylate cyclase-C receptor agonist, was recently approved by the FDA for oral treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) and irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C) in adults. It is the second drug approved for this indication; lubiprostone (Amitiza), a metabolite of prostaglandin E1, was the first.

The FDA has approved the oral poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor olaparib (Lynparza – Astra-Zeneca) as monotherapy for treatment of women with advanced ovarian cancer who have BRCA1/2 germline mutations and have received at least 3 prior lines of chemotherapy. Olaparib is the first PARP inhibitor to be approved in the US. It is approved outside the US for maintenance treatment of relapsed BRCA-mutated ovarian cancer.

Dichlorphenamide (Keveyis – Taro), an oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, has been approved by the FDA for treatment of primary hypokalemic and hyperkalemic periodic paralysis and related variants. Dichlorphenamide is the first drug to be approved in the US for this indication. It was approved as Daranide in 1958 for treatment of glaucoma, but had not been marketed since 2002.

Ashwagandha is an herb extracted from the roots of an evergreen shrub (Withania somnifera) found in India that has been used as a "tonic" for centuries. No specific constituent has been identified as an active ingredient. Herbal supplements containing ashwagandha, which is also known as winter cherry and Indian ginseng, are widely promoted now in the US for treatment of pain, anxiety, stress, fatigue, sleep disturbances, cognitive decline, diabetes, arthritis, male infertility, and various cancers.