Eohilia (Takeda), an oral suspension formulation of the corticosteroid budesonide, has been approved by the FDA for treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) in patients ≥11 years old. It is the first oral drug to be approved in the US for this indication. The subcutaneously injected interleukin (IL)-4 receptor antagonist dupilumab (Dupixent) is approved for treatment of EoE in patients ≥1 year old who weigh ≥15 kg.

View the Comparison Table: Some Drugs for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis

The FDA has approved the oral second-generation antipsychotic drug brexpiprazole (Rexulti – Otsuka/Lundbeck) for once-daily treatment of agitation associated with dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Brexpiprazole is the first drug to be approved in the US for this indication. It is also approved for treatment of schizophrenia and as an adjunct to antidepressants for treatment of major depressive disorder.

Tramadol (Ultram, and others) and gabapentin (Neurontin, and others) are increasingly being prescribed for treatment of chronic pain despite reports of serious adverse events associated with their use. Both drugs are touted as safer and less addictive than strong opioids, but supporting evidence is lacking.

Anticoagulants are the drugs of choice for treatment and prevention of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), collectively referred to as venous thromboembolism (VTE). US guidelines for treatment of VTE were updated in 2020 and 2021.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common chronic neurodevelopmental disorder often diagnosed in school-age children that frequently persists into adulthood.Pharmacologic treatment of ADHD has been associated with reduced risks of substance abuse, criminal behavior, unintentional injuries, serious traffic accidents, and all-cause mortality. Drugs approved by the FDA for treatment of ADHD are listed in Table 1.

Two recombinant vaccines, Arexvy (GSK) and Abrysvo (Pfizer), have been approved by the FDA for prevention of lower respiratory tract disease (LRTD) caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in adults ≥60 years old. They are the first RSV vaccines to be approved in the US. Abrysvo is also approved for use in pregnant women at 32-36 weeks' gestation to prevent LRTD caused by RSV in their infants from birth through 6 months of age.

This article includes recommendations for management of most sexually transmitted infections (STIs) other than HIV and viral hepatitis. Some of the indications and dosages recommended here have not been approved by the FDA (see Table 1).

Intrauterine devices (IUDs) and the etonogestrel implant are the most effective reversible contraceptive methods available. Hormonal oral contraceptives, patches, rings, and injectables are also effective in preventing pregnancy. When used alone, barrier and behavioral methods generally have higher failure rates than other methods (see Table 1). Selection of a contraceptive method is usually based on patient-specific factors and personal preference