Persons planning to travel outside the US should be up to date on routine vaccines and, depending on their destination, duration of travel, and planned activities, may also receive certain travel-specific vaccines. Tickborne encephalitis and dengue vaccines, which are not available in the US, are reviewed in a separate article available online. Detailed advice for travel to specific destinations is available from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) at www.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/list. Recommendations for administration of vaccines as part of routine adult immunization are discussed in a separate issue.

No vaccines against tickborne encephalitis (TBE) or dengue are available in the US, but vaccines have been licensed in some other countries.

Patients planning to travel to other countries should be up to date on routine immunizations and, depending on their destination, duration of travel, and planned activities, may also need to receive certain travel-specific vaccines. Common travel vaccines are listed in Table 2. More detailed advice for travelers is available from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) at www.cdc.gov/travel. Guidelines for routine adult immunization are discussed in a separate issue.

Wild poliovirus has circulated during the previous 12 months in Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Iraq, Israel (also the West Bank and Gaza), Somalia, and Syria, as well as in those countries where polio is still endemic (Afghanistan, Nigeria, and Pakistan). The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared a public health emergency related to the possible spread of polio from affected countries. In response, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has issued interim guidance for US residents planning travel to and from these countries.

Vaccine Recommendations – All travelers to countries with wild poliovirus circulation during the last 12 months should have completed a primary series of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV; IPOL – Sanofi-Pasteur) before departure. Adults who have not previously been immunized against polio should receive a 3-dose primary series of IPV (2 doses 4-8 weeks apart; third dose 6-12 months after the second). If protection is needed sooner, 2 or 3 doses ≥4 weeks apart can be given; if <4 weeks are available before protection is needed, a single dose is recommended. Adults who previously completed a primary series and have never had a booster should receive a single booster dose of IPV. Previously unimmunized children should receive a 4-dose primary series of IPV. The first dose can be given at age ≥6 weeks; the minimum interval is 4 weeks between doses 1 and 2 and 2 and 3, and is 6 months between doses 3 and 4. A child who received 4 doses before age 4 should be given a fifth dose.1

Interim Guidance – Travelers planning to stay for >4 weeks in a polio-infected country may be required to present proof of polio vaccination when departing that country. The CDC is now recommending that all polio vaccine administration for travelers be documented on an International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis ("yellow card"). Children and adults who will be in a polio-infected country for >4 weeks, and whose last dose of polio vaccine was administered >12 months before the date they will be leaving that country should receive an additional dose of IPV before leaving the US. Those who plan to reside in a polio-infected country for >12 months may be required to receive a dose of the polio vaccine that is available in that country (either IPV or oral polio vaccine) between 4 weeks and 12 months before their departure from the polio-infected country.2

1. Advice for Travelers. Treat Guidel Med Lett 2012; 10:45.
2. GS Wallace et al. Interim CDC guidance for polio vaccination for travel to and from countries affected by wild poliovirus. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014; 63:591.

Download complete U.S. English article

A new pentavalent vaccine (Pediarix - GlaxoSmithKline), licensed by the FDA for children 6 weeks to 7 years old, includes the antigens from vaccines already marketed against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (Infanrix) and hepatitis B (Engerix-B), and a new inactivated polio component.

The number of immunizations recommended for infants and young children has increased in recent years with the addition of vaccines to prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b infection and hepatitis B (Medical Letter, 33:5, 1991; 34:69, 1992). Now the US Food and Drug Administration has licensed a new vaccine for infants (Tetramune - Lederle-Praxis) that combines a traditional diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccine (DTP; Tri-Immunol) with a vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type b (HibTiter).