The FDA has approved Winlevi (Sun), a 1% cream formulation of the androgen receptor inhibitor clascoterone, for treatment of acne vulgaris in patients ≥12 years old. It is the first topical androgen receptor inhibitor to be approved by the FDA.

Many nitrates, beta-blockers, and calcium-channel blockers have now been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment of stable angina pectoris. The table beginning on page 112 lists the individual drugs, their dosage, and their cost.

Exenatide injection (Byetta - Amylin/Lilly), a synthetic peptide that stimulates release of insulin from pancreatic beta cells, has been approved by the FDA as adjunctive therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes who have not achieved optimal glycemic control on metformin (Glucophage, and others), a sulfonylurea, such as glyburide (DiaBeta, and others), or both. Exenatide is not indicated for use with insulin.

Avandaryl, a new fixed-dose tablet combining the thiazolidinedione rosiglitazone (Avandia) and the sulfonylurea glimepiride (Amaryl, and others), was recently approved by the FDA for treatment of type 2 diabetes. It is approved for patients already taking a combination of rosiglitazone and a sulfonylurea or those not adequately controlled on rosiglitazone or sulfonylurea monotherapy. Rosiglitazone is also available in a fixed-dose combination with metformin (Avandamet). Most patients with type 2 diabetes eventually require 2 drugs with different mechanisms to control...

View the Expanded Table: Some Oral Drugs for Chronic Insomnia

The recent terrorist attacks on the US have led to many questions about the clinical effects, prevention and treatment of injury caused by chemical warfare agents.

Three low-dose transdermal estrogens were recently approved by the FDA for treatment of menopausal vasomotor symptoms. Elestrin and Divigel are transdermal estradiol gels and Evamist is an estradiol spray. Elestrin has been marketed in Europe since 1976.

The FDA has approved lemborexant (Dayvigo – Eisai), an orexin receptor antagonist, for treatment of sleep-onset and/or sleep-maintenance insomnia in adults. It is the second orexin receptor antagonist to be approved for this indication; suvorexant (Belsomra) was the first.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, but cognitive decline is also associated with other neurological conditions such as Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, vascular dementia, and frontotemporal dementia.

Pharmacologic management of chronic heart failure (HF) is primarily determined by the patient's left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and severity of symptoms. Patients with chronic HF who have an LVEF ≤40% are considered to have heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and those with an LVEF ≥50% are considered to have heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Patients with an LVEF of 41-49% have heart failure with mildly reduced or mid-range ejection fraction.