Linagliptin (Tradjenta – Boehringer Ingelheim/Lilly), a third oral dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) enzyme inhibitor, was recently approved by the FDA for treatment of type 2 diabetes, either alone or in combination with metformin, a sulfonylurea or pioglitazone

Eplerenone (e pler' en one; Inspra - Pharmacia), an aldosterone receptor antagonist similar to spironolactone (Aldactone, and others), has been approved by the FDA, but not yet marketed, for treatment of hypertension. It has also been tried for treatment of heart failure.

The FDA has approved an extended-release (XR) formulation of the benzodiazepine alprazolam (Xanax XR - Pfizer) for treatment of panic disorder, with or without agoraphobia. The new formulation is intended to reduce the need for frequent dosing and problems of interdose anxiety. This review describes the effectiveness of the extended-release formulation, as well as sections on dependence, abuse and withdrawal, adverse effects, and drug interactions. The review concludes with an overall assessment of the drug's efficacy and cost.

Bortezomib (PS341; Velcade Millenium), the first proteasome inhibitor, has received accelerated approval from the FDA for treatment of refractory multiple myeloma. This review includes descriptions of the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and dosage and cost of bortezomib, outlines the results of clinical studies, and concludes with an overall assessment of the drug's effectiveness.

Patients with lung cancer may be asking their physicians about gefitinib (ge fi' tye nib; ZD1839; Iressa -- AstraZeneca), because it has been the subject of positive coverage in the media. An inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase, this oral drug has not been approved by the FDA, but is in clinical trials in the US for treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and some other solid tumors. Iressa was recently approved in Japan, and is available from the manufacturer on a "compassionate-use" basis in the US (800-236-9933).

Health care professionals may be asked about lowvoltage electronic devices now being used to diagnose and/or treat a number of health problems. Most are galvanometers that measure skin resistance to an electric current. The FDA classifies "devices that use resistance measurements to diagnose and treat various diseases" as Class III devices that require FDA approval prior to marketing. None of the devices reviewed here has such approval.

The FDA has approved 2 new treatments for castration-resistant (formerly called hormone-refractory) prostate cancer. Sipuleucel-T (Provenge – Dendreon) is the first immunotherapy approved for treatment of prostate cancer. Cabazitaxel (Jevtana – Sanofi-Aventis) is approved for second-line treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer previously treated with docetaxel (Taxotere).

Rasagiline (Azilect - Teva), a monoamine oxidase-type B (MAO-B) inhibitor, was recently approved by the FDA for once-daily oral treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). It can be taken alone for treatment of early disease or with levodopa/carbidopa (Sinemet, and others) for advanced disease. Selegiline (Eldepryl, and others), the first MAO-B inhibitor marketed in the US, has been available since 1988; a new lower-dose disintegrating tablet (Zelapar) was recently approved.

The FDA has approved glucagon nasal powder (Baqsimi – Lilly) for treatment of severe hypoglycemia in patients ≥4 years old with diabetes. Baqsimi is the first noninjectable glucagon formulation to become available in the US. Injectable glucagon emergency kits (GlucaGen Hypokit, and generic) have been available for years, but they require reconstitution of the lyophilized powder by the caregiver immediately before injection. An injectable glucagon formulation that does not require reconstitution was recently approved by the FDA (Gvoke) and is expected to become available...

The FDA has approved three new once-daily fixed-dose antiretroviral drug combinations for treatment of HIV-1 infection. Symfi and Symfi Lo (Mylan) contain the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) efavirenz and the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and were approved as complete antiretroviral regimens. Symfi Lo contains a lower dose of efavirenz than both Symfi and Atripla, a fixed-dose combination of efavirenz, TDF, and the NRTI emtricitabine that was approved in 2006. Cimduo (Mylan), which...