Most patients with hypertension require more than one drug to control their blood pressure. Exforge HCT (Novartis) is a new 3-drug fixed-dose combination tablet approved by the FDA for treatment of hypertension. It combines the calcium-channel blocker amlodipine (Norvasc, and others) and the angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) valsartan (Diovan), which are already available in a combination tablet (Exforge), with the most commonly prescribed diuretic hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ). Exforge HCT is not approved for initial treatment of hypertension, but rather for patients not adequately controlled...

The severity and rapid spread of COVID-19 (caused by SARS-CoV-2) have raised questions about the use of some drugs in patients with the disease and whether currently available drugs could be effective in treating it. Definitive answers are lacking, but some recommendations can be made. For additional information on specific drugs, see our table Some Drugs Being Considered for Treatment of COVID-19.

The oral fixed-dose combination of the neprilysin inhibitor sacubitril and the angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) valsartan (Entresto – Novartis) was approved in 2015 to reduce the risk of cardiovascular death and hospitalization for heart failure in adults with chronic heart failure (NYHA Class II-IV) and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF; LVEF...

The FDA has approved Tarpeyo (Calliditas), a delayed-release capsule formulation of the corticosteroid budesonide, to reduce proteinuria in adults with primary immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN; also called Berger's disease) who are at risk of rapid disease progression. It is the fi rst drug to be approved in the US for this indication. Oral formulations of budesonide have been available for years for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.

View the Comparison Table: Some Parenteral Anticoagulants for VTE

The FDA has approved aliskiren/amlodipine/hydrochlorothiazide (Amturnide) for treatment of hypertension, with no restrictions except that it should not be used for initial therapy. A combination of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren and the calcium channel blocker amlodipine (Tekamlo) was approved earlier for initial treatment.1Use of combination tablets is, of course, more convenient than taking the components separately, and as long as all the same doses are available and the cost is no greater, there is no reason not to use them.Aliskiren alone or in combination has not been shown to...

Aliskiren (ah LIS ker in; Tekturna - Novartis), the first direct renin inhibitor, has been approved by the FDA for treatment of hypertension. It is indicated for oral use either as monotherapy or in combination with other antihypertensive agents.

The FDA has approved baxdrostat (Baxfendy – AstraZeneca), an oral aldosterone synthase inhibitor, for add-on treatment of hypertension in adults whose blood pressure is not adequately controlled on other drugs. Baxdrostat is the first aldosterone synthase inhibitor to become available in the US.

Pharmacologic management of chronic heart failure (HF) is primarily determined by the patient's left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and severity of symptoms. Patients with chronic HF who have an LVEF ≤40% are considered to have heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and those with an LVEF ≥50% are considered to have heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Patients with an LVEF of 41-49% have heart failure with mildly reduced or mid-range ejection fraction.

Last year, a Medical Letter article reviewing colonoscopy preparations warned that oral sodium phosphate preparations, such as Fleet Phospho-Soda solution and Visicol tablets, could cause significant electrolyte disturbances and, rarely, renal failure (Med Lett Drugs Ther 2005; 47:53). A subsequent report documented acute phosphate nephropathy and renal failure in 21 patients who had used sodium phosphate before colonoscopy (GS Markowitz et al. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16:3389). Seventeen of these patients were women and 14 were taking an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or...